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<title>Volatile memory</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Volatile memory</span></span>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Computer memory</a> and <a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">data storage</a> types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_coherence" title="Memory coherence">Memory coherence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">Cache coherence</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_access_pattern" title="Memory access pattern">Memory access pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_map" title="Memory map">Memory map</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage#Secondary_storage" title="Computer data storage">Secondary storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">MOS memory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">floating-gate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Continuous_availability" title="Continuous availability">Continuous availability</a></li>

<li><a href="Areal_density_(computer_storage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Areal density (computer storage)">Areal density (computer storage)</a></li>

<li><a href="Block_(data_storage)" title="Block (data storage)">Block (data storage)</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct-attached_storage" title="Direct-attached storage">Direct-attached storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">Network-attached storage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">Storage area network</a></li>

<li><a href="Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage">Block-level storage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Single-instance_storage" title="Single-instance storage">Single-instance storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Structured data</a></li>

<li><a href="Unstructured_data" title="Unstructured data">Unstructured data</a></li>

<li><a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_corruption" title="Data corruption">Data corruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_cleansing" title="Data cleansing">Data cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_degradation" title="Data degradation">Data degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">Data integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_validation" title="Data validation">Data validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_validation_and_reconciliation" title="Data validation and reconciliation">Data validation and reconciliation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">Data recovery</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cluster">Data cluster</a></li>

<li><a href="Directory_(computing)" title="Directory (computing)">Directory</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_resource" title="Shared resource">Shared resource</a></li>

<li><a href="File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="File_system" title="File system">File system</a></li>

<li><a href="Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered file system</a></li>

<li><a href="Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed file system</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_file_system_for_cloud" title="Distributed file system for cloud">Distributed file system for cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_data_store" title="Distributed data store">Distributed data store</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li>

<li><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_storage" title="Data storage">Data storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_store" title="Data store">Data store</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_structure" title="Data structure">Data structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_redundancy" title="Data redundancy">Data redundancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)">Replication (computing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_refresh" title="Memory refresh">Memory refresh</a></li>

<li><a href="Storage_record" title="Storage record">Storage record</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_repository" title="Information repository">Information repository</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">Knowledge base</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">Computer file</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_file" title="Object file">Object file</a></li>

<li><a href="File_deletion" title="File deletion">File deletion</a></li>

<li><a href="File_copying" title="File copying">File copying</a></li>

<li><a href="Backup" title="Backup">Backup</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_transfer" title="Information transfer">Information transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporary_file" title="Temporary file">Temporary file</a></li>

<li><a href="Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_(computing)" title="Volume (computing)">Volume (computing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Boot_sector" title="Boot sector">Boot sector</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">Master boot record</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_boot_record" title="Volume boot record">Volume boot record</a></li>

<li><a href="GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_array" title="Disk array">Disk array</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_image" title="Disk image">Disk image</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_mirroring" title="Disk mirroring">Disk mirroring</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_aggregation" title="Disk aggregation">Disk aggregation</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Disk partitioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_segmentation" title="Memory segmentation">Memory segmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Locality_of_reference" title="Locality of reference">Locality of reference</a></li>

<li><a href="Logical_disk" title="Logical disk">Logical disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Storage_virtualization" title="Storage virtualization">Storage virtualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory-mapped_file" title="Memory-mapped file">Memory-mapped file</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_entropy" class="mw-redirect" title="Software entropy">Software entropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_rot" title="Software rot">Software rot</a></li>

<li><a href="In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory database</a></li>

<li><a href="In-memory_processing" title="In-memory processing">In-memory processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Persistence_(computer_science)" title="Persistence (computer science)">Persistence (computer science)</a></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_data_structure" title="Persistent data structure">Persistent data structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-RAID_drive_architectures" title="Non-RAID drive architectures">Non-RAID drive architectures</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li>

<li><a href="Bank_switching" title="Bank switching">Bank switching</a></li>

<li><a href="Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">Cloud storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Fog_computing" title="Fog computing">Fog computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">Edge computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Dew_computing" title="Dew computing">Dew computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Amdahl's_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Moore's_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Kryder#Kryder's_law_projection" title="Mark Kryder">Kryder's law</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Cache_(computing)#HARDWARE" title="Cache (computing)">Hardware cache</a>

<ul><li><a href="CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="EDRAM" title="EDRAM">eDRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Synchronous dynamic random-access memory">SDRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory#Synchronous_Graphics_RAM_(SGRAM)" title="Synchronous dynamic random-access memory">SGRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="LPDDR" title="LPDDR">LPDDR</a></li>

<li><a href="Quad_Data_Rate_SRAM" title="Quad Data Rate SRAM">QDRSRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="RDRAM" title="RDRAM">RDRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistive_random-access_memory" title="Resistive random-access memory">ReRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Content-addressable_memory" title="Content-addressable memory">Content-addressable memory</a> (CAM)</li>

<li><a href="Computational_RAM" title="Computational RAM">Computational RAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual-ported_RAM" title="Dual-ported RAM">Dual-ported RAM</a>

<ul><li><a href="Video_RAM_(dual-ported_DRAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)">Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams–Kilburn tube</a> (1946–1947)</li>

<li><a href="Delay-line_memory" title="Delay-line memory">Delay-line memory</a> (1947)</li>

<li><a href="Mellon_optical_memory" title="Mellon optical memory">Mellon optical memory</a> (1951)</li>

<li><a href="Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a> (1952)</li>

<li><a href="Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Non-volatile</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Diode_matrix" title="Diode matrix">Diode matrix</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a></li>

<li><a href="EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">ROM cartridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Solid-state storage</a> (SSS)

<ul><li><a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> is used in:</li>

<li><a href="Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">Solid-state drive</a> (SSD)</li>

<li><a href="Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">Solid-state hybrid drive</a> (SSHD)</li>

<li><a href="USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_FlashSystem" title="IBM FlashSystem">IBM FlashSystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_Core_Module" title="Flash Core Module">Flash Core Module</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a>

<ul><li><a href="Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a></li>

<li><a href="CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a></li>

<li><a href="MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MultiMediaCard</a></li>

<li><a href="SmartMedia" title="SmartMedia">SmartMedia</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Flash_Storage" title="Universal Flash Storage">Universal Flash Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroP2" title="MicroP2">MicroP2</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">Programmable metallization cell</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Non-volatile_random-access_memory" title="Non-volatile random-access memory">NVRAM</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li>

<li><a href="Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li>

<li><a href="Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">PCM</a> (<a href="3D_XPoint" title="3D XPoint">3D XPoint</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">Electrochemical RAM</a> (ECRAM)</li>

<li><a href="Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">CBRAM</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early-stage <a href="Non-volatile_random-access_memory" title="Non-volatile random-access memory">NVRAM</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Ferroelectric_RAM" title="Ferroelectric RAM">FeRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistive_random-access_memory" title="Resistive random-access memory">ReRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Fe_FET" title="Fe FET">FeFET memory</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li>

<li><a href="Quadruplex_videotape" title="Quadruplex videotape">Quadruplex videotape</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_Electronic_Recording_Apparatus" title="Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus">Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic recording">Magnetic recording</a>

<ul><li><a href="Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">Magnetic storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic-tape_data_storage" title="Magnetic-tape data storage">Magnetic-tape data storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Tape_drive" title="Tape drive">Tape drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Tape_library" title="Tape library">Tape library</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_Data_Storage" title="Digital Data Storage">Digital Data Storage</a> (DDS)</li>

<li><a href="Videotape" title="Videotape">Videotape</a></li>

<li><a href="Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">Cassette tape</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_Tape-Open" title="Linear Tape-Open">Linear Tape-Open</a></li>

<li><a href="Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a></li>

<li><a href="8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">8 mm video format</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniDV" class="mw-redirect" title="MiniDV">MiniDV</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a></li>

<li><a href="U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Optical_storage" title="Optical storage">Optical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li>

<li><a href="LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a></li>

<li><a href="Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (CDDA)</li>

<li><a href="CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">Super Video CD</a></li>

<li><a href="Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">Nintendo optical discs</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyper_CD-ROM" title="Hyper CD-ROM">Hyper CD-ROM</a></li>

<li><a href="DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li>

<li><a href="Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a></li></ul></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">In development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">CBRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Racetrack_memory" title="Racetrack memory">Racetrack memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Millipede_memory" title="Millipede memory">Millipede memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">ECRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Patterned_media" title="Patterned media">Patterned media</a></li>

<li><a href="Holographic_data_storage" title="Holographic data storage">Holographic data storage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Electronic_quantum_holography" title="Electronic quantum holography">Electronic quantum holography</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="5D_optical_data_storage" title="5D optical data storage">5D optical data storage</a></li>

<li><a href="DNA_digital_data_storage" title="DNA digital data storage">DNA digital data storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_memory" title="Universal memory">Universal memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_crystal" title="Time crystal">Time crystal</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_memory" title="Quantum memory">Quantum memory</a></li>

<li><a href="UltraRAM" title="UltraRAM">UltraRAM</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Paper_data_storage" title="Paper data storage">Paper data storage</a> (1725)</li>

<li><a href="Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1725)</li>

<li><a href="Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">Punched tape</a> (1725)</li>

<li><a href="Plugboard" title="Plugboard">Plugboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">Drum memory</a> (1932)</li>

<li><a href="Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">Magnetic-core memory</a> (1949)</li>

<li><a href="Plated-wire_memory" title="Plated-wire memory">Plated-wire memory</a> (1957)</li>

<li><a href="Core_rope_memory" title="Core rope memory">Core rope memory</a> (1960s)</li>

<li><a href="Thin-film_memory" title="Thin-film memory">Thin-film memory</a> (1962)</li>

<li><a href="Twistor_memory" title="Twistor memory">Twistor memory</a> (~1968)</li>

<li><a href="Bubble_memory" title="Bubble memory">Bubble memory</a> (~1970)</li>

<li><a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a> (1971)</li></ul></div></div></td>

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</style></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Volatile memory</b>, in contrast to <a href="Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a>, is <a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">computer memory</a> that requires <a href="Electrical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical power">power</a> to maintain the stored information; it retains its contents while powered on but when the power is interrupted, the stored data is quickly lost.

</p><p>Volatile memory has several uses including as <a href="Primary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary storage">primary storage</a>. In addition to usually being faster than forms of <a href="Mass_storage" title="Mass storage">mass storage</a> such as a <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a>, volatility can protect sensitive information, as it becomes unavailable on power-down. Most general-purpose <a href="Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> (RAM) is volatile.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<p>There are two kinds of volatile RAM: <a href="Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">dynamic</a> and <a href="Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">static</a>. Even though both types need continuous electrical current to retain data, there are some important differences between them.

Dynamic RAM (DRAM) is very popular due to its cost-effectiveness. DRAM stores each bit of information in a different capacitor within the integrated circuit. DRAM chips need just one single capacitor and one transistor to store each bit of information. This makes it space-efficient and inexpensive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The main advantage of static RAM (SRAM) is that it is much faster than dynamic RAM. Its disadvantage is its high price. SRAM does not need continuous electrical refreshes, but it still requires constant current to sustain the difference in voltage. Every single bit in a static RAM chip needs a cell of six transistors, whereas dynamic RAM requires only one capacitor and one transistor. As a result, SRAM is unable to accomplish the storage capabilities of the DRAM family.<sup id="cite_ref-HowStuffWorks_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowStuffWorks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SRAM is commonly used as <a href="CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a> and for <a href="Processor_register" title="Processor register">processor registers</a> and in networking devices.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/volatile-memory">"What is volatile memory? - Definition from WhatIs.com"</a>. <i>WhatIs.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFcloxin" class="citation news cs1">cloxin, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://recovery.pandaoffice.com/">"Free sd card recovery software"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/ice/cd/MEMORY97/SEC07.PDF"><i>DRAM Technology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-27</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HowStuffWorks-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HowStuffWorks_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://computer.howstuffworks.com/question452.htm">"What is the difference between static RAM and dynamic RAM?"</a>. <a href="HowStuffWorks" title="HowStuffWorks">HowStuffWorks</a>. 2000-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

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